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248 In smokers, whom have been proven in multiple studies to have low blood levels of vitamin C, oral supplementation with 2 grams vitamin C per day has been shown to significantly decrease urinary isoprostanes, 249 markers of oxidative stress, and monocyte adhesion to the endothelial lining of blood vessels, one of the early stages in the development of dangerous atherosclerotic plaque

If the damage goes on long enough, parietal cells can be lost entirely.[ref] Antibodies to parietal cells are found in 90% of patients with autoimmune gastritis

Refined Enzymes & Hormones from Human Placenta

doi: 10.1007/s13300-023-01381-w 139 SkovJFrystykJChristiansenJS